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Tag: Study type: Simplified LCA

A-01 Distinction between wastes and by-products during the extraction and the processing stages

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Aspect A-01 Distinction between wastes and by-products during the extraction and the processing stages
Description
 Several wastes and by-products are either used or generated during the production phase of building products. A waste is an output from a process that has not yet reached the end-of-waste state. A by-product is an output that is not a waste, but has low value relative to the product or co-products.How should wastes and by-products be handled? Should energy consumption for waste disposal be included? Should processing energy/water and capital equipment/machinery required for waste disposal be included? How should allocation and crediting issues be handled?

related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

relevant for
new buildings existing buildings construction products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions If the goal of the study is to make an EPD, the rules provided by EN 15804 should be followed. This will increase consistency with other studies and with EN 15804-based EPDs.For other goal definitions (other than for EPD), ILCD and EN 15804 should be analysed and the most relevant rules should be selected.
Rules from:

EN 15804

 6.3.4 System boundaries
6.3.4.2 Product stage
6.4.3 Allocation of input flows and output emissions

ILCD

 Provisions: 7.9.2 Avoiding allocation by subdivision or virtual subdivision
Provisions: 7.9.3 Solving multifunctionality by allocation
Guidance
 The following guidance is relevant where an EPD is required according to EN 15804, or where the best possible consistency with EPDs that follow EN 15804 is desired. This is the agreed standard for providing EPD and LCA information for construction products, and for their use in building-level assessments; any regulation in Europe in this area will follow this standard. If there is no interest in understanding the performance of the product according to EN 15804, other approaches – of ISO 14044 and the ILCD Handbook – can be followed. However, these may lead to different results.According to EN 15804, the impacts associated with waste treatment and disposal of wastes are included in the system boundary until the end-of-waste status is achieved.As stated in G-16 Allocation, according to ISO 14040/14044, the ILCD Handbook and the EN 15804 standards, when dealing with systems involving multiple products and recycling processes, allocation should be avoided as far as possible; when unavoidable, allocation should be considered carefully, and should be justified.Allocation cannot be avoided in situations where processes cannot be subdivided and it is impossible to make one product without the other co-products, by-products or wastes.Allocation has to be handled as described in EN 15804, EN 15978 and the ILCD Handbook.

A waste may therefore become a by-product or co-product (with higher value) from the process at the system boundary, and can therefore be considered in terms of co-product allocation according to EN 15804 (see 6.3.4.2), which states: “Flows leaving the system at the end-of-waste boundary of the product stage (A1–A3) shall be allocated as co-products. Loads and benefits from allocated co-products shall not be declared in Module D (see 6.3.4.6). If such a co-product allocation is not possible, other methods may be chosen and shall be justified. Therefore, as a general rule, potential loads or benefits from A1-A3 do not appear in module D.”

EN 15804 does not include the second option for avoiding allocation provided within ISO 14044, “expanding the product system to include the additional functions related to the co-products” (often known as system expansion), but does provide that any use of upstream data that does not respect the allocation principles in EN 15804 “shall be clearly stated and justified in the project report. These data shall be in line with EN ISO 14044 allocation rules.” The basic procedures and assumptions for co-product allocation used in EN ISO 14044 have been refined in EN 15804 to reflect the goal and scope of EN 15804 and EN 15643-2. This is because EN 15804 covers all construction products, and in many cases construction products use co-products, by-products and wastes in their manufacture, as well as producing them during manufacture, construction and at end of life. In this situation, where there is such interdependence, it is not possible to use the process of system expansion, as the impact both of the product and co-products and of recycled wastes is required to provide input data for the product LCA study, not just the impacts of the main product of a process.  EN 15804 also requires, in 6.4.2, that “the same calculation procedures shall be applied consistently throughout the study,” which means that different allocation procedures should not be applied to one upstream dataset than are used for other co-products entering or leaving the system boundary.

Where possible, if there is more than one output from a system, the system should be broken down until the system studied is producing only one output. This is the case where a factory produces two separate products on two production lines – here submetering or other mechanisms such as monitoring should be used to split the inputs and outputs of the system between the two production lines.

However, there are many situations where a system produces two or more outputs. For example, the production of cut stone always results in the production of broken stones and dust; and the production of sawn timber always results in the production of sawdust, bark and waste timber, which can be chipped.

In these instances, the other outputs can be considered as co-products, by-products or wastes, and the allocation should reflect the main purposes of the process. If the wastes are disposed of, and never reach the end-of-waste state, the impacts of disposal are included within the system boundary. If the wastes, after recycling processes, reach the end-of-waste state, the impacts until they reach this state should be included within the system boundary, and the secondary product produced is considered as a co-product for co-product allocation.

If the co-product or by-products are never considered as waste, then they are both considered for co-product allocation at the point where they leave the system.

If the co-products have a similar value (i.e. the comparable prices per unit are within 25% of each other), then EN 15804 states that the impacts can be allocated on the basis of the physical unit of production.

If the co-product’s value varies by more than 25%, then the co-product allocation should be based on economic value, according to EN 15804. All the outputs at the system boundary (including wastes that have been treated to reach the end-of-waste state) are considered in terms of the percentage of revenue (income) they bring to the system. Comparison of revenue from products should be undertaken using the market value of the normal unit of production (e.g. kg or MJ), based on normal pricing units and long-term averages (3 or 5 years) if prices fluctuate. The impacts of the system are then split between them on the basis of these percentages.

For example, in the case of an iron ore mine that produces iron ore and stone that can be used for aggregate, for each kg of iron ore produced and sold for X per kg to be smelted into iron, there may be T tonnes of stone produced and sold for Y per tonne that can be further crushed and used as aggregate.

The impacts of the iron ore mine extraction system are then split between the co-products as follows:

Revenue from iron ore: 1 kg × X/kg = X

Revenue from stone: T tonnes × Y/tonne = YT

Total revenue/kg iron = X + YT

Proportion of impact allocated to iron ore = X/(X + YT)

Proportion of impact allocated to stone = YT/(X + YT)

Note that this approach to co-products and co-product allocation, provided in EN 15804, is different from that described in the ILCD, where a physical causality is assumed for both the iron ore and the stone, and the impacts of extraction would be allocated between the co-products on the basis of mass.

For both the iron ore and the stone, further processing of the iron ore (smelting of the iron ore) would be completely allocated to the iron, and further processing of the stone (crushing to form aggregate) would be completely allocated to the aggregate.

Where the product studied is of high value, a conservative approach in simplified and screening LCA could be to omit the allocation phase and keep all impacts with the high-value product. Where the product studied is a low-value co-product or by-product, it is important to consider the impacts allocated from the production process, as they may still be significant for the low-value product, even if they are only a very small proportion of the high-value product’s impact.

The market value of co-products may change over time, but it is the relation between them over time that is relevant, not the actual values. The actual overall revenue may be sensitive, but it is the percentage of revenue that is required for allocation. Rather than data for the whole plant, it could be considered at the cost of 1 kWh electricity and the cost of the resulting fuel ash etc. It may be clear, for instance, if the fuel ash is not a waste, that its relative value is less than 1% of the cost of the electricity.

Where co-products have incompatible units, e.g. mass and energy, it is essential to use economic allocation.

Wherever possible, market-value data should be obtained from the supplier of the waste or secondary material, or from a relevant local trade association. In many situations an estimate can be made of the values of the different co- products, goods and services, including waste-processing services, if relative values cannot be obtained from the suppliers. If market prices are not known, there are several reliable sources on many product prices, including historical prices and expected prices in terms of futures. The web is a unique source of price data. Hundreds of websites are available on most commonly traded products. The relevant search term for market price is ‘fob’ (free on board at the location of the supplier, without insurance or transport.) The other price type is ‘cif’, stating a specific place of deliverance: e.g. ‘cif Chicago’ for the price of steel as delivered in Chicago.

Sources of relevant and appropriate data will vary, depending on material and location, and should be considered on a case-specific basis.

Manufacturing waste that is recycled into the same cradle-to-gate process can be considered as closed-loop recycling where there is a matching input, but all impacts must be reported in Modules A1–A3. Where the waste output is not sufficient to match the linked recycled input, then additional upstream data for the recycled input must be used. Where the output is more than sufficient to produce the recycled input, then the additional output flow, at the system boundary (end-of-waste state) should be considered as a co-product for co-product allocation.

A-01 Use and adaptation of available cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCA or EPD data for building products and technical equipment

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Aspect A-01 Use and adaptation of available cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave LCA or EPD data for building products and technical equipment
Description
 Different LCA data describing the impacts of raw materials supply, transport and manufacturing (cradle-to-gate data) can be used in practice, depending on the goal and scope, on their availabilities in LCA or EPD databases, and on the geographical location of the building. In addition, they need to be adapted, e.g. information for the gate-to-grave impacts, or adaptation of the cradle-to-gate data to a different context.Which LCA or EPD data should be used in a building LCA study? How can they be adapted if they are not fully appropriate?

related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

relevant for
new buildings existing buildings construction products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions The practitioner should use existing LCA or EPD databases for selecting cradle-to-gate data or cradle-to-grave data. As far as possible, the practitioner should use a single database for deriving all the data on building products and technical equipment, or otherwise make sure that the building products and technical equipment data are based on identical assumptions.The adaptation of cradle-to-gate data should use consistent rules for building LCA modelling.
Rules from:
 EN 15978:10.2.2 Adaptation of cradle to gate (product stage) information

10.2.3 Adaptation from gate to grave information (Modules A4 to C4) and Module D
Guidance
 The choice of LCI/LCIA datasets depends on the goal and scope of the study. Please refer to the corresponding general aspects (in the inventory analysis section). The existing LCA data should be handled with care, as they may have different system boundaries. They also can be used in different contexts, which means they will need to be adapted.1) Guidance for the use of existing databases on building products or technical equipment

Generally speaking, the use of a single database is highly recommended when conducting a building LCA study, so as not to bias the results (e.g. in comparative assertions). Existing LCA or EPD databases are often not comparable, owing to differences in assumptions and methodologies.

However, some data (e.g. for technical equipment) may not have been calculated using the same rules (or the same PCR) as other data (e.g. building products). The use of two different databases can be justified in this case if the main conclusions of the study are not affected by the use of data coming from different sources. Alternatively, the practitioner may prefer to rely on a single database, even if not all the building products and technical equipment have corresponding LCI/LCIA data.

2) Adaptation of cradle-to-gate data for a building LCA study

The cradle-to-gate data can be adapted either for the production stage (e.g. French or German cradle-to-gate data used in a neighbouring country) or for the additional life cycle stages (Modules A4, A5, C and D).

Sometimes data are already presented as cradle-to-gate data: for example, the French EPD database (INIES) provides for some EPD cradle-to-grave results without information for the cradle-to-grave stage. In this case, the practitioner should carefully check whether the scenario and the boundaries for the gate-to-grave stages are relevant for the goal and scope of the study (e.g. according to EN 15804).

3) Use of scenarios for gate-to-grave data for a building LCA study

Scenarios are needed to assess the cradle-to-grave impacts depending on the goal and scope of the study (please refer to the corresponding aspects in every life cycle stages for each study type).

Even if cradle-to-grave data are available (e.g. French EPD for building products), the scenarios included in these data should be checked for consistency with the scenarios representative of the building under study.

If the EPD is broken down into different life cycle stages, the practitioner can then select the cradle-to-gate EPD information and adapt the gate-to-grave information.

Scenarios for gate-to-grave impacts need to use default values (or else specific values) especially for:

Modules A4 and A5:

  • the transportation distance from the factory to the building site (in km);
  • the LCA data for transportation processes (e.g. lorry, train);
  • the construction losses of building product (in %).

Module B – Use stage:

–       the reference service life of the product (in years);

–       other aspects (if relevant).

Module C – End-of-life stage

–       the share of end-of-life scenarios i.e. landfill, recycling, incineration (w/o heat recovery) for each type of building material;

–       the corresponding LCA data.

Module D – Benefits and loads beyond the system boundary

–       the share of reuse, recovery and recycling potential for each type of building material.

–       the corresponding LCA data

Guidance for each module (and corresponding parameters) can be found in the corresponding chapter (Modules A, B, C and D); if not, he practitioner can use the scenarios proposed in building LCA tools (such as EQUER or ELODIE in France), or in building certification schemes.

A-02 Accounting for technical building equipment – screening and simplified LCA

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Aspect A-02 Accounting for technical building equipment – screening and simplified LCA
Description
 Different types of technical building equipment can be included in building LCAs: e.g. boilers for heating, air-conditioning systems for cooling, duct networks for ventilation, solar panels for hot water, lifts, lighting etc. The development of energy-efficient buildings has meant that the relative share of the embodied impacts has recently increased, leading to more consistent modelling of the related impacts of building products and technical equipment. In addition, the LCA model should be consistent: if, for example, the PV-related energy consumption is included within Module B6, then the impacts of the PV manufacture should be accounted for in Modules A1–A3.

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

Relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions For screening and simplified LCA, accounting for technical building equipment is optional, owing to potentially missing data.If LCA or EPD data are available for technical equipment (e.g. in generic LCA databases) at the European or national level, they should be included, using these data as default values.
Rules from:
 EN 15978:7.5.2 Description of the physical characteristics of the building
Guidance
 The practitioner should use default values for the technical building equipment for screening and simplified LCA. Such default values should come from available LCA generic databases (e.g. Ecoinvent, ELCD, ESUCO), or otherwise may be defined with the relevant stakeholders.

A-02 Transport of staff in the supply of raw materials

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Aspect A-02 Transport of staff in the supply of raw materials
Description
 Is it relevant to consider the transport of staff during the extraction and manufacturing life cycle stages?

related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

relevant for
new buildings existing buildings construction products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions Typically, the transport of staff is not included, owing to its lack of significance in relation to the use of energy within the cut-off rules. National EPD programmes may have individual rules on this matter, and for improved consistency with the EPDs of one programme (e.g. of the national EPD programme),it may be advisable to apply such rules.
Rules from:

EN 15804

 6.3.5 Criteria for the exclusion of inputs and outputs
Guidance Screening and simplified LCA: Transport of staff in the supply of raw materials should not be included.Complete LCA: Unless the energy used for transport of staff for any individual process is likely to exceed 1% of the primary energy requirement for that process, it is not necessary to collect data from staff on their journey to and from the extraction or manufacturing site. Significance could be reviewed if necessary by considering costs as a proxy for primary energy, although it should be recognized that petrol and diesel are often highly taxed relative to electricity and natural gas.

A-03 Transport of raw materials to the manufacturer

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Aspect A-03 Transport of raw materials to the manufacturer
Description
 Several raw materials are needed for manufacturing a building product. Depending on the number of raw materials and the availabilities of information from the suppliers, it may be difficult to account for the transport of raw materials in an accurate way. However, this stage of the life cycle may be relevant if the suppliers are located far away from the manufacturing plant.How should the transport of raw materials to the manufacturer be considered for a product LCA?

related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

relevant for
new buildings existing buildings construction products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions Transport of raw materials to the manufacturer should be included in Module A2 though it may be considered not relevant according to the cut-off rules (e.g. from EN 15804). Concerning the use of data, the provisions on data quality as given above should be considered (data quality, ILCD entry level, use of consistent data sources for comparative assertions).
Rules from:

EN 15804

 6.3.4.2 Product stage
Guidance
 Within Modules A1–A3, transport is generally a significant impact only for materials with very low manufacturing impact – aggregates and timber, for example. Module A2 includes only transport to the manufacturing site from the previous production or extraction process. Earlier transport journeys are included in Module A1. Module A2 is mandatory in any cradle-to-gate EPD. National EPD programmes may have more specific rules on this topic. The main issue for the practitioner is collection of data on the distances between suppliers and the manufacturer. Generally speaking, these data should be available, and should be requested. However, if data are missing, it is recommended that default values, e.g. from national EPD programmes and PCR, be used; otherwise the practitioner’s own default values should be used (which should be subjected to sensitivity analysis).

A-04 Transport of products to the construction site – screening and simplified LCA

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Aspect

A-04 Transport of products to the construction site – screening and simplified LCA
Description
 This aspect is related to the transport of building products from the manufacturer’s production plant (or from regional storage) to the construction site. In practice, the assessment of transportation impact depends on the number of manufacturers or the number of regional storage providing a given building product. Such detailed information may be impossible to obtain without close cooperation with the building industry.Should the transport of products to construction site be included? What could the transportation distance be for each building product? Should losses be allowed for?

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

Relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions For screening and simplified LCA, transport to the construction site is optional, because of both potentially missing data and minor relevance at the scale of full building LCAs.If data are available, transport of products to the construction site may be included in a screening or simplified LCA unless they fall under the cut-off rules. The practitioner should use average transport distances and load factors. Rules should follow the recommendations of EN 15804. This includes the impacts of the transport and the impacts of any transport-related losses of material and its disposal (i.e. the impact of manufacturing material that is wasted as a result of transport, and the impact of disposing of the waste). Losses should be documented, where they occur.
Rules from:
 EN 15978: 
7.4.3.2 Boundary of the Transport to and from site (Module A4)

EN 15804: 
6.2.3 A4-A5, Construction process stage, information modules
Guidance
 Modelling of the life cycle stage ‘Transport to the site’ should be iterative, and linked to corresponding cut-off rules defined e.g. in EN 15804/EN 15978.

1) Specific guidance for building LCA studies
For building LCA, transport may be not significant in terms of environmental impact, allowing proxy data to be used. As a default transport distance, average transport distances of 300 km can be assumed for all building products, based on previous work [Nemry 2008]; [Lasvaux 2010]. However, most building products, particularly bulk products such as aggregates or ready-mixed concrete, are likely to travel shorter distances. For example, Eurostat freight transport statistics show that, for almost all member states, more than 50% (by mass) of ‘Other non-metallic mineral products’ travel less than 50 km per trip.

2) Specific guidance for product LCA studies
Previous studies have shown that for cradle-to-grave product LCA transport represents up to 15% of the usual life cycle impact indicators in median values [Lasvaux 2010]. The highest share is for the photochemical ozone potential (POCP), this indicator being more linked to air emissions of lorries than the other ones. Other studies have shown for ‘cradle-to-gate with options data’ (including only transportation to the building site and the construction installation process related to the product) that transport is of relevance, as well as the ancillary products, compare with minor aspects, such as cutting waste or the building process [Kellenberger 2009].

Other studies, e.g. from the UK, have estimated that carbon emissions from freight transport of building products represent at least 5% of the embodied carbon from manufacture. For building LCA (accounting for replacement of building products during the use stage and the end of life), it does not represent more than 5% of the non-renewable primary energy, owing to the higher share of the use phase in building LCAs, based on a French case study [Lasvaux 2010].

A-06 Construction installation process impacts for screening LCA

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Aspect

A-06 Construction installation process impacts for screening LCA
Description
 Construction site impacts are driven mainly by the groundworks (fuel consumption), the transport of products, water and energy consumption (e.g. electricity), and the capital goods (such as crane, bungalow etc.), but also by the transport of construction workers. Under specific goal and scope, it might be interesting for a construction company or a building designer to assess the impacts of Module A5 by means of a default approach, without looking in detail at the different aspects, such as land preparation, water, energy and capital goods.

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

Relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions The assessment of construction site impacts may be taken into account in screening LCA by means of a default approach using global default values for Module A5. The intended use of this methodology is to get an overview of the share of impact of Module A5 when considering the full building LCA. If the results are sensitive to Module A5, the practitioner should refer to a more detailed assessment.
Rules from:
 EN 15978:
7.4.3 Boundaries of the construction process stage
8.5 Scenarios for the construction process stage (Modules A4–A5)
Guidance
 During the design of a building, it may be difficult to assess the information for land preparation, water and energy consumption, owing to the lack of data. However, information on the quantities of building products are information available upstream of a building project from the construction companies. One possibility is then to assess the construction site impacts from the building product impacts, for which the level of detail is comparatively higher. Such a rough estimation may be sufficient for some screening LCA studies of buildings. It is not necessary to define default values at the level of each impact source for Module A5, which considerably reduces the level of complexity in the first step of a building LCA study.The link between this information needs default values to be provided based on statistical studies for each building type or construction system. Figure 14 represents a theoretical example, for one environmental indicator and for one building type and construction system, of the share of impact between the building products and the four aspects of the construction site taken as examples in this guidance (energy, water, transport of workers, and capital goods).

Breakdown of impacts for a given indicator for one building type

Figure 16: Breakdown of impacts for a given indicator for one building type

The calculation steps required to derive the example results in Figure 14 might be as follows:

1) Calculate the impacts related to the building products (Iproduct).

2) Determine a ratio (default value) Ri, expressed as a percentage, for each aspect i of the construction site (energy, water, transport of freight, and capital goods). These default values can be derived from statistical studies of meter readings of representative construction sites, as well as for the building product impacts.

It is then possible to assess the impact of aspect i of the construction site by means of the global impact of the building products and the ratio (default value): Ii = Iproducts × Ri.

Such a methodology may be followed by the LCA practitioner, and adapted according to the goal and scope of the study.

To obtain representative ratios (default values), the LCA practitioner or LCA tool developer would need to work closely with or contact the construction companies to make such default values available.

A-07 Land preparation and earthwork during the construction process – screening and simplified LCA

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Aspect A-07 Land preparation and earthwork during the construction process – screening and simplified LCA
Description
 This aspect relates to the impact of site preparation, including the fuel consumption of, for example skid-steer loaders or bulldozers during the groundworks and landscaping. Under the specific goal and scope, this aspect might be interesting for, say, a construction company that needs to identify the hotspots of its construction site. Should the land preparation and earthwork during the construction process be considered in the context of a screening or simplified LCA?

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions The land preparation and earthwork may be included in screening and simplified LCA if they are relevant to the goal and scope of the study (e.g. a construction company might have more interest than a building designer in this aspect).
Rules from:
 EN 15978: 
7.4.3 Boundaries of the construction process stage
8.5 Scenarios for the construction process stage (Modules A4–A5)According to the rules from EN 15978, the system boundary for the construction process shall include the groundworks and landscaping
Guidance
 The practitioner should use default values (e.g. ratios or generic data) for screening and simplified LCA, and also refer to cut-off rules. Ratios can be defined with stakeholders. This aspect can be neglected for most construction projects, as it is of minor relevance.

Back to 4.4. Module A5

A-09 Product storage on site before installation – screening and simplified LCA

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Aspect A- 09 Product storage on site before installation – screening and simplified LCA
Description
 Storage of products on arrival at site before installation includes such aspects as maintaining specific temperature or humidity in a storage space on site, and protection from weather, vandalism, theft, etc. Under the specific goal and scope this aspect might be interesting for, say, a construction company that needs to identify the hotspots of its construction site. Should the storage of products be considered in the context of a screening or simplified LCA?

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

Relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions Product storage on site before installation may be included in screening and simplified LCA if it is relevant for the goal and scope of the study (e.g. a construction company might have more interest than a building designer in this aspect).If there are impacts from product storage (e.g. maintaining specific temperature or humidity conditions in a storage space on site) then this may be included in Module A5 next to the infrastructures required for the product storage (e.g. protection from weather, vandalism, theft), but these can be evaluated for significance using the cut-off rules.Any wastage because of poor product storage should be accounted for in Module A5 (manufacture, transport and disposal of wasted material).
Rules from:
 EN 15978: 8.5 Scenarios for the construction process stage (Modules A4–A5)
Guidance
 The practitioner should use default values (ratios) for simplified LCA. Such data can be defined with stakeholders. This aspect can be neglected for most construction projects, as it is of minor relevance.

A-11 Transport of construction workers – screening and simplified LCA

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Aspect A-11 Transport of construction workers – screening and simplified LCA
Description
 This aspect concerns the transportation of construction workers from home to work and to the construction site. Under specific goal and scope, this aspect might be interesting for, say, a construction company that needs to identify the hotspots of its construction site.

Related study objective

 ☒ stand-alone LCA ☒ comparative assertion

Related study phase

 ☒ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
goal and scope definition inventory analysis (LCI) impact assessment (LCIA) interpretation reporting

Relevant for
new buildings existing buildings building products screening LCA simplified LCA complete LCA
Provisions The transport of construction workers may be included in screening and simplified LCA if it is relevant for the goal and scope of the study (e.g. a construction company might have more interest than a building designer in this aspect).Transportation of workers to construction site may be included for screening and simplified LCA if it is in the focus of the study. Refer to cut-off rules, and use default values (such as ratios).
Rules from:
 EN 15978: No specific rule is defined (8.5 Scenarios for the construction process stage (Modules A4–A5))
Guidance
 The practitioner should use default values (generic data, ratios) for simplified LCA. Such data can be defined with stakeholders.This aspect may be neglected for most building LCA studies, because it may fall outside the goal and scope. However, specific building stakeholders, such as construction companies, may have a special interest and thus will take it into account.If taken into account, this aspect is likely to fall under cut-off-rules for most construction projects. Such a statement should be supported through detailed studies of the construction stage. It will be revised if more evidence is available.