• It should be taken into account for calculation of the frequency of replacement when the service life of the component is lower than the reference study period (refer to the aspect ‘Replacement frequency: whole number replacement cycles’ for further detail).
• It should be provided with a maintenance scenario (and valid only under the conditions described with this scenario), as required by EN 15804 (annex A).
• The performance of products and components usually declines gradually. Whenever possible, the loss of performance should be taken into account if it has an influence on other aspects of the use stage (e.g. modification of the performance of heating and cooling systems, insulation, etc. may have an influence on energy consumption).

The service life of a product or component is influenced by many parameters, notably the indoor and outdoor environments, maintenance level, design of the product, etc. (see ISO 15868-8 for further information). When providing information related to service life for an EPD, ISO 15804 requires that the intended use and in-use conditions of the product or system be specified and documented (EN 15804, Annex A).

When developing LCA at the building scale on the basis of several EPDs, it should be verified that the declared service lives and in-use conditions are compatible with the specifics of the building (notably its location and maintenance scenarios).

Only end of life related to loss of performance should be taken into account in the base-case scenario. End of life related to obsolescence (e.g. replacement of the product system by a newly developed or more efficient one before the end of life) may, however, be assessed in a complementary assessment. For more information on obsolescence please refer to ISO 15686-1 (Chapter 7).

• individual EPDs (cradle to gate with corresponding option, or cradle to grave);
• client requirements and current practices;
• product and component manufacturers’ information;
• existing applicable standards such as ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8;
• the conventional service life in a national context or within an LCA software package for buildings.

It is expected that some service life data may be missing for the assessment at the building scale. In this case, several additional sources may be used to determine the service life of the product or system:

• publicly available or commercial databases, including in some cases those related to whole-life costing;
• research group publications and initiatives, such as the joint CIB/RILEM technical committee (CIB W080/RILEM TC 175-SLM);
• scientific publications, e.g. from the DBMC conferences (International
  

  B-12 (Buildings) / B-07 (Products) Replacement frequency

  Written on 21. October 2012.

  Aspect	B-12 (Buildings) / B-07 (Products) Replacement frequency
  Description	The frequency of replacement is related to the reference study period and the reference service life of the component to be replaced. The ratio between them could lead to a partial number of replacements (e.g. where the reference study period is 30 years but the reference service life for a component is 20 years). Should replacement cycles be calculated as ‘whole-number/full number’ of replacements, or does it make sense to calculate ‘proportionate/partial’ cycles of replacement?
  Related study objective	☒ stand-alone LCA			☒ comparative assertion
  Related study phase	☒ goal and scope definition	☐ inventory analysis (LCI)	☐ impact assessment (LCIA)	☐ interpretation	☐ reporting
  Relevant for	new buildings	existing buildings	construction products	screening LCA	simplified LCA	complete LCA
  Provisions	As the baseline scenario, replacement cycles have to be calculated in whole numbers, according to EN 15978 and EN 15804 (examples are given there). Only whole numbers of replacements are allowed (no partial replacements). The number of replacements is related to the reference study period and the reference service life of the component to replace. The number of replacements must be rounded up unless justified. In order to show the effect of improved durability, a scenario with partial replacement cycles can be made. This scenario has to be documented and justified, and a sensitivity analysis conducted by comparison with the baseline scenario.
  Rules from	EN 15978 8.6.4 Scenarios for refurbishment – Module B5 9.3.3 Replaceable components and number of replacements EN 15804 6.3.4.4.2 B1–B5 Use stage information modules related to the building fabric: – B4 Replacement ILCD 6.10.3 Considered alternatives, the functional unit, and assumptions Provisions: 6.10 Comparisons between systems
  Guidance	Partial replacement numbers should be avoided. Replacement numbers should be rounded up, unless justified as described below: The last replacement of components may be skipped, provided: – the component is not essential to security, health or comfort; – the absence of replacement is based on actual practice; – the final replacement occurs during the last 10% of the study period; – a specific maintenance scenario is developed in this case. This guidance needs to be applied homogeneously in comparisons. For example, for a study period of 50 years, in the case of an internal paint with a 15-year reference service life the last replacement could be ignored (i.e. two replacements rather than three).

  B-13 Replacement with screening LCA

  Written on 21. October 2012.

  Aspect	B-13 Replacement with screening LCA
  Description	The replacement module covers the complete replacement of components and building parts if their reference service life is lower than the reference study period. Replacement is optional in the context of a screening LCA.
  Related study objective	☒ stand-alone LCA			☒ comparative assertion
  Related study phase	☒ goal and scope definition	☐ inventory analysis (LCI)	☐ impact assessment (LCIA)	☐ interpretation	☐ reporting
  Relevant for	new buildings	existing buildings	construction products	screening LCA	simplified LCA	complete LCA
  Provisions	Replacement is optional in the context of a screening LCA. The replacement procedure refers only to planned action in response to anticipated losses of performance of building components and building parts. Replacements should be considered when the reference service life (or eventual design life) of a product or building part is lower than the reference study period. The replacement scenario may cover some of the elements in the following list (items marked with a * are suggested): roof*; windows*; floor finishes and coverings*; refrigeration* and coolants; decorative wall finishes and coatings (e.g. wallpaper, paints); doors; heating, cooling and lighting equipment, and any power-generating equipment (e.g. wind turbines, PV or solar heating)*; equipment for internal transport (e.g. lifts, escalators)*; water and sewerage systems; electrical distribution system. Replacement of load-bearing structure, exterior and basement walls, floor slabs and foundation should not be considered unless justified, as they usually entail significant building modification. In any case, the boundaries of the maintenance scenario should be clearly stated. A replacement scenario at the building scale may be determined on the basis of: individual EPD (cradle to gate with corresponding option, or cradle to grave); client requirements and current practices; product and component manufacturers’ information; existing applicable standards such as ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8 [ISO 15686]. Building modifications in response to unexpected events (e.g. flood, inappropriate use or vandalism) should be considered as reparation (B3), and are thus optional in the context of a screening LCA. According to EN 15978, the boundary for replacement should include: production of the replaced component and ancillary products; transportation of the replaced component and ancillary products, including production impacts and the aspects of any losses of materials during transportation; the replacement process for the replaced components and ancillary products; waste management of the removed component and of ancillary products; the end-of-life stage of the removed component and of ancillary products. However, in the context of a screening LCA, only the production of the replaced component need be included. The frequency of replacement may be determined according to the ‘replacement frequency’ aspect of the present guide.
  Rules from	EN 15978 7.4.4.1 General 7.4.4.5 Boundary for replacement (Module B4) 8.3 Time related characteristics 8.6.3 Scenarios for maintenance, repair, replacement EN 15804 6.3.3. Reference service life 6.3.4.4.2 – B4 Replacement 7.3.3.1 B1–B5 use stage related to the building fabric Annex A
  Guidance	If possible, the overall replacement scenario should be consistent with respect to the building structure (e.g. replacement of coating is mandatory when replacing the support). In addition, LCA of an existing building should take into account actual and established practices (real-life data) specific to that particular building.

  B-14 Replacement with simplified LCA

  Written on 21. October 2012.

  Aspect	B-14 Replacement with simplified LCA
  Description	The replacement module covers the complete replacement of components and building parts if their reference service life is lower than the reference study period. Replacement is mandatory for a limited set of building parts and components in the context of a simplified LCA.
  Related study objective	☒ stand-alone LCA			☒ comparative assertion
  Related study phase	☒ goal and scope definition	☐ inventory analysis (LCI)	☐ impact assessment (LCIA)	☐ interpretation	☐ reporting
  Relevant for	new buildings	existing buildings	construction products	screening LCA	simplified LCA	complete LCA
  Provisions	The replacement procedure refers only to planned action in response to anticipated losses of performance of building components and building parts. Replacements should be considered when the reference service life (or eventual design life) of a product or building part is lower than the reference study period. The replacement scenario should cover at least the elements in the following list (items marked with a * are suggested): roof*; windows*; floor finishes and coverings*; refrigeration* and coolants; decorative wall finishes and coatings (e.g. wallpaper, paints); doors; heating, cooling and lighting equipment, and any power-generating equipment (e.g. wind turbines, PV or solar heating)*; equipment for internal transport (e.g. lifts, escalators)*; water and sewerage systems; electrical distribution system. The replacement of load-bearing structure, exterior and basement walls, floor slabs and foundation should not be considered unless justified, as it usually entails significant building modification. In any case the boundaries of the maintenance scenario should be clearly stated. A replacement scenario at the building scale should be determined on the basis of: individual EPD (cradle to gate with corresponding option, or cradle to grave); client requirements and current practices; product and component manufacturers’ information; existing applicable standards such as ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8 [ISO 15686]. Building modifications in response to unexpected events (e.g. flood, inappropriate use or vandalism) should be considered as reparation (B3), and are thus optional in the context of a simplified LCA. According to EN 15978, the boundary for replacement should include: production of the replaced component and ancillary products; transportation of the replaced component and ancillary products, including production impacts and the aspects of any losses of materials during transportation; the replacement process for the replaced components and ancillary products; waste management of the removed component and of ancillary products; the end-of-life stage of the removed component and of ancillary products. However, in the context of a simplified LCA, only the production of the replaced component need be included. The frequency of replacement may be determined according to the ‘replacement frequency’ aspect of the present guide.
  Rules from	EN 15978 7.4.4.1 General 7.4.4.5 Boundary for replacement (Module B4) 8.3 Time related characteristics 8.6.3 Scenarios for maintenance, repair, replacement EN 15804 6.3.3. Reference service life 6.3.4.4.2 – B4 Replacement 7.3.3.1 B1–B5 use stage related to the building fabric Annex A
  Guidance	The overall replacement scenario should be consistent with respect to the building structure (e.g. replacement of coating is mandatory when replacing the support). In addition, LCA of an existing building should take into account actual and established practices (real-life data) specific to that particular building. As replacement scenarios are based on the RSLs of building components and building parts, it should be noted that the RSL could be based on empirical, probabilistic or statistical data, and should always take into account the intended use (description of use) as described in ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8 [EN 15804, Annex A]. Furthermore, a component manufacturer cannot be held responsible for the actual design of the building or the use and application of the product, environment, workmanship or use [EN 15804, Annex A]. Thus: The overall replacement scenario should be consistent with the maintenance scenario. Both maintenance and replacement scenarios should be based on reliable service life data, either included in the EPD, directly provided by the manufacturer, or based on sound research work. For an existing building, if a component has failed before its reference service life because of inappropriate maintenance, it may be considered as belonging to the repair module instead.

  B-15 Replacement with complete LCA

  Written on 21. October 2012.

  Aspect	B-15 Replacement with complete LCA
  Description	The replacement module covers the complete replacement of components and building parts if their reference service life is lower than the reference study period.
  Related study objective	☒ stand-alone LCA			☒ comparative assertion
  Related study phase	☒ goal and scope definition	☐ inventory analysis (LCI)	☐ impact assessment (LCIA)	☐ interpretation	☐ reporting
  Relevant for	new buildings	existing buildings	construction products	screening LCA	simplified LCA	complete LCA
  Provisions	The replacement procedure refers only to planned action in response to anticipated losses of performance of building components and building parts. Replacements should be considered when the reference service life (or eventual design life) of a product or building part is lower than the reference study period. A replacement scenario at the building scale should be determined on the basis of: individual EPD (cradle to gate with corresponding option, or cradle to grave); client requirements and current practices; product and component manufacturers’ information; existing applicable standards such as ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8 [ISO 15686]. Building modifications in response to unexpected events (e.g. flood, inappropriate use or vandalism) should be considered as reparation (B3). According to EN 15978, the boundary for replacement should include: production of the replaced component and ancillary products; transportation of the replaced component and ancillary products, including production impacts and the aspects of any losses of materials during transportation; the replacement process for the replaced components and ancillary products; waste management of the removed component and of ancillary products; the end-of-life stage of the removed component and of ancillary products. Water and energy usage related to the replacement process should always be included. The frequency of replacement should be determined according to the ‘replacement frequency’ aspect of the present guide.
  Rules from	EN 15978 7.4.4.1 General 7.4.4.5 Boundary for replacement (Module B4) 8.3 Time related characteristics 8.6.3 Scenarios for maintenance, repair, replacement EN 15804 6.3.3. Reference service life 6.3.4.4.2 – B4 Replacement 7.3.3.1 B1–B5 use stage related to the building fabric Annex A
  Guidance	The overall replacement scenario should be consistent with respect to the building structure (e.g. replacement of coating is mandatory when replacing the support). In addition, LCA of an existing building should take into account actual and established practices (real-life data) specific to that particular building. As replacement scenarios are based on the RSLs of building components and building parts, it should be noted that the RSL could be based on empirical, probabilistic or statistical data, and should always take into account the intended use (description of use) as described in ISO 15686-1, -2, -7 and -8 [EN 15804, Annex A]. Furthermore, a component manufacturer cannot be held responsible for the actual design of the building or the use and application of the product, environment, workmanship or use [EN 15804, Annex A]. Thus: The overall replacement scenario should be consistent with the maintenance scenario. Both maintenance and replacement scenarios should be based on reliable service life data, either included in the EPD, directly provided by the manufacturer, or based on sound research work. For an existing building, if a component has failed before its reference service life because of inappropriate maintenance, it may be considered as belonging to the repair module instead. For a new building, replacement frequency and more generally the replacement scenario should be based on service life planning and service life prediction, as described by the ISO 15686 series [ISO 15686]. It should be noted that: service life planning can only address foreseeable changes. Since service life planning is concerned with foreseeable risks, it is not applicable to the estimation of obsolescence […] or to defective performance resulting from unforeseeable events or processes [ISO 15686-1, part B.8.2.]. Both cases may be accounted for in the case of existing buildings whenever specific data are available. The progressive loss of performance of some components has an impact on the overall behaviour of the building (e.g. loss of performance of insulation may lead to an increase of energy demand due to heating). If sufficient data are available, these aspects should be addressed by using a sensitivity analysis.

  7.6 Module B5 – Refurbishment

  Written on 21. October 2012.

  7.6  Module B5 – Refurbishment

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